Factors Contributing To The Development Of Depression Social Work Essay

Factors add To The Development Of Depression opticy Work EssayCurrent research by affable C be Institute for Excellence, (SCIE), suggests that one person in six leave become depressed at some load in their lives, and, at any one sequence, one in xx adults will be experiencing first gear. I will wrangle the definition of suffering and its interpretation along with the biomedical object lesson, interpersonal, psychological and institutional perspectives. Then discuss the companionable, economic, environ psychical and political factors that contri exclusivelye to the leting of genial picture and their relation to sociological and psychological theory with bulge outicular relevance to b overlook and nonage tender (BME) groups.In England and Wales the psychogenic Health Act 1983 defines intellectual dis assemble as affable illness, psychopathic disorder and any other disability of mind. in that respect is a dual role of legislation providing for c atomic number 18 while at the same time controlling slew who argon deemed to be experiencing cordial disorder to the extent that they argon at a risk to the general or themselves. World Health Organization WHO (2001), marks effect as when Capacity for enjoyment, interest, and concentration is decreased, and marked tiredness after even stripped effort is common. Sleep is usually disturbed and appetite diminished. Self-esteem and authority be almost always reduced and, even in the loony form, some ideas of guilt or worthlessness be often present.Mental easilyness is a repugn concept which can be plentyed from disparate medical, psychological and cordial perspectives, which lend to diverse views on what psychological wellness is. Depression is a mental illness and, can involve anyone at different points in their lives, from every background and occupation. Categorizing populations as experiencing depression, involves making judgments by the utilisation of scales of mental health and these judgments determine cut-off points on a continuum of mental health or illness and are socially constructed. A paygrade scale comm simply employ to measure the mental health of populations is the infirmary Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A study by Singleton et al., (2001) be that 76 per cent of the participants, who reported symptoms of mental distress, did not receive any care forment from a health professional for their problems. Sainsbury (2002) study refers to a subtlety of fright within the BME populace. Causation is affected by the practitioners who diagnose and treat depression and the public perception of depression only there are many perspectives.Biomedical model revolve around on biological aspects of depression and look for symptoms that relate to diagnostic categories of mental disorder with a view that a sick body can be restored to health. Interpersonal perspectives on depression focus on individualist raft, experiencing mental distress, tog ether with family and friends, psychologists and counselors to a fault taking enumerate of the views and experiences of service users and survivors. One such perspective is to cope with madness as a difference instead than an illness, like the social model of disability Oliver (2002). Peoples actions can be open to different interpretations which are influenced by the perspectives of those making the interpretation. even so there are common perceive perspectives of depression including personal experience with the people in closest contact, a knowledgeable relation or friend, may form opinions of the likely engenders of the distress. Their opinions may include aspects of the persons constitution and recognize the impact of external stressors such as bereavement, debt or conk demands. Overall they are to a greater extent likely to emphasize the impact of social, rather than biological or psychological, factors.Psychological perspectives on depression explores unconscious thi nking, manageable past traumas and focuses on helping service users to realize their potential and focus on social support and psychological interventions. This has created the development of psychotherapeutic intercessions or talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT) has become the psychological treatment of choice in many NHS-funded services. Advantages of CBT include having some support, soulfulness to talk to and developing coping strategies. Disadvantages of CBT include The focus being on here and now, when the person might want to spend more than time discussing past issues. CBT is a relatively effective way of helping someone deal with their distress that puts the client back in control of their life. in spite of the evidence that has been collected to support the use of different psychological treatments, their military capability continues to be debated and funding is mainly offered in private practice or within institutions. (McLeod, 2000 Hol mes, 2002) By contrast, the prescription route is a commonly referred to and trustworthy path with no self-criticism or self-awareness required.Institutional perspectives or psychiatric perspectives on depression hold biological and genetic theories of causation for depression, and prescribe biological and animal(prenominal) treatments. Psychiatric perspectives emphasize the diagnosis of symptoms of depression in order to place people into categories of illness. The influence of GPs and psychiatrists is powerful in determining what is and what is not considered to be a mental health problem. Psychiatrists befool powers to detain patients for treatment against their will. Psychiatry, through and through its association with medicine, tends to take precedence over psychological and social perspectives.The bio-psychosocial model introduced by Engel (1980) acknowledges the interactions between the persons biology, their psychological makeup and their social perspective as important in understanding their mental distress. It encourages a more holistic approach to treatment. However, it has not provided the hoped-for basis of an accepted multidisciplinary approach. The Social support perspectives believes social factors and the persons experiences cause depression and social support restores the mentally distressed person to wellbeing and social functioning. However it is also viewed as an addition to psychiatric treatment, where the service user is established on their medication, and social issues investigated.Puttnam cited in flagrant (2005) refers to social capital as a adjunct social atmosphere and discusses bridging and bonding ties and the absence of these can lead to social isolation. Cockerham (2007) makes the connection where depression and illness are most likely among those with forgetful or no social capital. thither is also a inclining for the individual to, once diagnosed, to play the sick role, Rosenhan (1975) refers to the stickiness of lab els and Goffman (1961) refers to looping and deviancy amplification that is associated with branding and labeling of individuals. However our social standing is not the only element that contri exactlyes to our grit of well being. The environment that we live and are brought up in greatly influence our health Ross (2000) cited in Cockerham (2007) compares advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods finding that higher levels of depression occur in the latter with individuals suffering psychologically because of their environment although there were links to their individualism female sex, younger age, ethnicity, low education, low income, unemployment, widowed with the remainder from nourishment in a poor neighbourhood. The daily stressors of maintenance with crime, disorder and danger all link with symptoms of depression. Those living in cull and safe neighbourhoods showed low levels of depression. Distressing neighborhoods produce distress beyond that from individual disadva ntage with poverty and single mother households the strongest predictor of depression. However the lack of choice and powerlessness of poverty make the emotional consequences of living in a bad neighbourhood worse.Poverty can lead to poorer mental health where access to employment and welfare benefits, can be seen as health-promoting activities. For most nations, spending on mental health promotion is low Appleby, (2004), and the resources put into mental health promotion are minuscule compared with those used for treating ill health. Schulz et al. (2000) cited in Cockerham (2007) found high psychological distress highest amongst down(p)s and face cloths living in high poverty areas, slum living conditions. Wilson and Pickett (2006) cited in Cockerham (2007) verbalise that stress , poor social networks , low self esteem , depression , anxiousness, insecurity and breathing out of a sense of control are reduced and social cohesion in enhanced when income levels are more equal- h owever equalizing income is inherently political.Sir Donald Achesons Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report (1998) recommendations will require policy changes to occur with reference to changes in building design, think and access to health care treatments, although most research data on interventions tend to be tested on white, middle aged well educated men and women therefore the efficacy with black or involved ethnic BME is not proven. The report also links depression and anxiety with obesity and inertia and encourages physical exercise as obesity and inactivity is increasing in lower socio economic classes. The media and the NIMBY phenomenon exemplifies the exclusion that often accompanies a diagnosis of depression. This raises issues of complex ethical and political issues along with human and civic rights.According to Blaxter (2004) health, disease and illness are social constructs they are categories which fuddle been named, and defined, by human beings. Bowers (1998) argues that diagnostic classification systems are culturally influenced, but involve careful, detailed observation, publication and peer review. Psychiatric diagnoses are found on social judgments of behaviour and experiences. These judgments can be socially and culturally influenced. For example, you will automatically get well by travelling to a country where your beliefs are widely shared. This obviously does not happen with heart disease. Problems of subjectivity and unrecognized cultural assumptions may complicate the process of diagnosis. neither minds nor bodies develop illnesses. Only people do (Kendall 2001).Recognition that both(prenominal) physical and mental factors are involved in mental distress could believe that a diagnosis of depression would be no more stigmatizing than having a heart condition.Foucault cited in Giddens (2006) was a postal service-structuralist theorist who believed that peoples views on depression are the results of discourse th at exists to define and subjugate people in society. He also, through the process of social archaeology, examines how the issues of mental health existed in the past and how they are a modern conception of normal and deviant activity , define them as a construct built on power in society and how that power operates , this therefore links in to social constructionist theory. Social constructionism is the belief that our understanding of depression as a domain, overlooks the processes through which the reality is constructed. Our current sociological thinking is one of a historic white male centred Eurocentric model with women historically viewed as hormonal creatures and this gender difference is still prevalent to day in the way we use language with gender differences in the way society defines these roles.Brown and Harris (1974) model of depression drew links with unhappy life events that can lead to depression when mixed with his four vulnerability factors which he identified a s 3 or more children under 14, loss of mother beforehand 11, lack of employment, lack of intimate confiding relationships. He established that these factors electropositive an unhappy life event led to 83% women became depressed with functional class women more likely to become depressed. Kasen et al (2010) have conducted a study supporting the effects of enduring earlier stress both in childhood , poor health status and a more rapid deterioration in health and the effects this has on major depressive disorder on women in old age and the need to develop resources to counteract stress exposures in younger generations of women. These factors need to be considered in the understanding not only from a feminist perspective but also from a black perspective as black women are multiply disadvantaged, hooks cited in Giddens (2005).Immigration has played a major part in the creation of culturally diverse communities in UK society. The mass of the UK population in the National Census (2001) census was white (92 per cent). The stay 7.9 per cent were from different minority ethnic groups. Karlsen et al. (2002) states that ethnic groups experience important racism, unfair discrimination and social exclusion. This needs to be considered when understanding their mental health experiences. Social inequalities in education, employment and health disproportionately affect members of minority ethnic groups. This all leads to increased mental distress. Also black males lives are much harder as they have to live to a forget me drug of unconscious rules written in Westernised psychological medicine which leads to their current diagnosis. People from minority ethnic groups find that mental health services are not sympathetic to their particular needs. A report from the Sainsbury Centre (2002) concluded, black people are disproportionately disadvantaged and their experiences of mental health services are characterised by fear and conflict. Delivering Race Equality was launc hed in January 2005 and requires health authorities, and NHS trusts to promise equality of services. The Department of Health has set action goals for the mental health care of minority ethnic communities and service users these include, reduction in fear and seclusion in mental health services.Race is a contested concept with the difference between race, having its origins in 18th and 19th degree centigrade colonial assumptions about the differences between white and non-white people. The concept of race is socially constructed and is now embedded in how we identify, understand and think about people. Ethnicity is an substitute concept to race that is more acceptable to groups in society . Ethnicity refers to a sense of identity that is based on shared cultural, religious and conventional factors. Ethnic identities are always changing and evolving. Approaches to cross cultural psychiatry according to Pilgrim (2005) are either orthodox or skeptical. Orthodox definitions of depre ssion state that culture shapes the expression and prevalence of mental disorder. Cultural sensibility enables GPs to read symptoms and translate them into an orthodox, western diagnosis. A sceptical reading questions the severity of applying diagnostic labels from Western culture to other cultures. Cultural differences lead to people explaining and experiencing depression in different ways. Imposing western diagnostic categories leads to misinterpreting the persons mental distress. It is important to be cautious in making cross-cultural comparisons in diagnosing with different illnesses being stigmatized in different cultures, and so evince differently.Beck cited in Giddens (2005) felt that depressed peoples thinking is rund by a triad of negative schema of, ineptness, self-blame and negative evaluation although this doesnt take into account any social factors that have impacted on the individual. Freud cited in Gross (2005) thought that people were victims of their feelings. T hat the psycho-analytical theory with fixation in psycho sexual stages and repressed desires feelings are what causes mental illness as the ego is unavailing to exert control over our feelings and this inability to express may cause anxiety and depression. He took this further with enforcing the belief of intra psychic loss, loss of sense of self, esteem, loss of job or the loss of a major sustaining relationship. convert (1998) links Bowlbys functionalist perspective in his attachment theory being the loss of significant carer and lack of maternal attachment had far reaching effects. skinner cited in Gross (2005), believed in radical behaviourism and that learning is knowing and emphasized the role of environmental factors. Seligman (1974) takes a humanistic approach purporting that in condition(p) helplessness is a cognitive psychological explanation of depression, where there is intimate helplessness and passivity, people become dependant and unable to make decisions for th emselves.Oakley (2005) remarks on the tendency for women to specialize in mental illness and that many more women in Westernized society are classified as having neurotic disorders and women dominate in psychosomatic disorders. A correlation exists in the study of mental illness being higher in men living just and higher in married women however women are also suffers of post partum depression which is viewed by society through the biomedical viewpoint. Oakley (2005) places this within the self perception and ideals within a male patriarchal culture where women have been, historically, subject to social, economic and psychological discrimination, as have black people. However we are all damaged in some extent, this being a state of humanity however, connectedness is not possible without the qualities of vulnerability, weakness, helplessness and dependency. A paradox exists in that all these qualities are seen as feminine, and are, not only negatively described, but are also associa ted with depression. This also links to wise(p) helplessness as a psycho social explanation that women are gendered and stereotyped into this through socialization Weissman et al (1982). Calhoun et al (1974) established data that indicated a trend for females to hold themselves more responsible for unhappy moods than males.There are a myriad ways of thinking, behaving and experiencing the world through a combination of care and control using medical, psychological, and social support with interventions through with(p) to reduce negative factors such as poverty , unemployment racism etc, and aid social inclusion. Research will play a large part as new factors are established as demonstrated in the recently publicized link between teenagers sleep patterns and depression Gangwisch et al. (2008) backchat Count 2747