Factors Responsible for Employee Retention

Factors Responsible for Employee Retention strategical Human Capital ManagementThe paper is generated by referring to Christeen Georges cla part paper, with title of Retaining professed(prenominal) exerciseers what makes them watch?. The main issue normally go for by Human Resource is to let the turnover occur indeed only to find out the reason of the intention to cast off through exit-interview. Knowing the reason only after people break off is depend defenseless because the collected information on why people quit fail to restore back the chisel gap. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to direct the factors that cap suitable to go along the maestro staffs in one organic law, then the factors argon tried for the retention of the professional employees. The unsettleds used in this paper atomic number 18 divided into two dimensions, first dimension is organisational which harp of quaternary factors, precaution, conducive environment, social support and development, second dimension is crinkle which re sacrifice of four factors, autonomy, compensation, crafted/sculpted workload, work-life balance. Hence, the paper is driven by interrogation questions, which be to explore whether the ogdoad factors identified in this paper is usable to card the individual intention to enlistment in the judicature, ar the factors identified distributed into institutional group and job group is blended positively, and whether the organisational level and job level could cry the individuals intention to stay in the system. The deliberate ara is conducted in UK site, the sample of the probe is concentreing the employees of multinational marketing company which adopt from variety job maneuverction much(prenominal) as Accountant, IT professionals, Consultants, Marketing and Sales professionals, and HR professional. The total respondents are 138, which cover 76 male, 62 female. The age range from 20 to 61 years. The bar instrument, the questionna ires were electronically sent to the respondents.The free lance variables (IV) content of sex, age, fundamental lawal level wads and job level scores showed significant matter, and that showed the IVs used are able to predict the intention of the employee to stay and to quit. The most durable IV to predict the intention of the employee to stay and to quit is organizational level scores which inhabit the characteristics of leadership and support from management, work environment is fun, flexibility, adequate resources, feel depart to the team, friendly and caring workmates, opportunity to enhance/acquire skills, promotion prospects. Meanwhile, the eight factors that distributed into organizational level and job level showed significant positive correlations wonderively, and that showcase the eight factors were distributed in the correct group.Many researchers and academias give substantial focus on the impact of employee turnover, the turnover impact towards organization cau se full(prenominal) cost. This is supported by Ghosh, Satyawadi, Joshi and Shadman (2013) literature finding stated an internal abbreviation has shared to replace turnover employee is to a greater extent expensive than compensate employee, which is more than 35 per cent. Knowing the big loss could occur to any organization collect to turnover, it is wise to prevent better than cure, the idiom whitethorn rifle clich, but it is a crucial issue to tackle in put together to assist the organization to save the resources. Apart of loss in revenue, the organization is facing the risk of loss of experience employees, bad reputation to other organization, productivity is affected, loss of intellectual capital which knowledge is one of the blue-chip intangible asset to the organization (Sandhu, Jain, Ahmad, 2011) and this lead to other organization touch more advantage by obtaining the asset (Ghosh et al., 2013). Turnover issue is inevitable, moreover the issue could be alleviated with the help of research. Hence, the paper is creating awareness well-nigh it is more advantage to identify factors that make the professional employees stay instead to identify factors on why they are quit. The paper could help the organization to at a lower placestand the proven factors (management, conducive environment, social support and development under organization level is the most durable predictor) resulted from this study to strategize on how to retain the professional employees in the organization.However, there are arose enquiries on the part of independent variables and dependent variable stated in the paper. The term of independent variable is viewed as an item that function the outcome, meanwhile dependent variable is viewed as an outcome which may result different outcome for different independent variable are used to test (Leroy, 2011). Based to the term defined, the organizational subscale which consist of four factors, management, conducive environment, soc ial support and development, and job subscale which consist of four factors, autonomy, compensation, crafted/sculpted workload, work-life balance are responsible to influence the result of retention. Thus, the reader expected the identified variables in the paper, organization subscale and job subscale are independent variable, and intention to quit is dependent variable, however, it is stated in mated statement. The enquiries arose are not meant to downgrade the content of the paper, in fact, the reader do correspondent via e-mail on 11 March 2015 as in appendix to the author, respond is yet pending. The purpose of the e-mail is sent with respect and courtesy, and to clarify the doubtful and ambiguity as well.In Malaysia context, one study presented at the 2nd transnational Conference On Management, Economics And finance in Sabah by Fadzilah, Queiri, Sabarudin and Iskandar (2013) claimed that times Y is more likely to quit their job due to several reasons such(prenominal) as l ack of fun work. This issue is critical and need to be taken seriously by the organization because the contribution of Generation Y towards in any thriftiness is significant, and they are growing fast and bigger employees to replace the plunder Boomers who are in line of retirement. Generation Y showcase different characteristics when come to work which influence by leadership, developments and technologies (Cheong, Hasliza, Yusuf Desa, 2011). Despite the respondents age range amid 21-61 years old in the paper, which mean Generation Y and Baby Boomers are part of the respondents, the paper is capable to provide a tooshie framework on how the Malaysia organizations design a strategy to retain the Generation Y. This is rational because the study conducted by the author tested the similar factors that influence Generation Y when come to work, leadership and development.Malaysia is gearing up to cunt up the human capital development by producing first shape mentality, knowledge-ba sed economy and talent-based. For instance, Talent heap Malaysia (TalentCorp) is responsible to facilitate the talent management in Malaysia. The biggest hurdle encountered by TalentCorp is brain drain. The professional employees choose to dedicate Malaysia and work abroad. TalentCorp has come with a strategy to attract and retain the professional employees which they offer various packages, such as tax exception and work life balance. Work life balance is one factor tested in the authors study and that it is proven that the significant of the study does promote to other agency that associate to human resource such as TalentCorp to infuse the factor into part of their retention strategy. Knowing the present of TalentCorp is vital to constantly conduct research in order to envision the objectives are achieved, thus, this paper could help TalentCorp to come out with a chesty blueprint regards strategy on retaining professional employees, of which TalentCorp may count ons the test ed factors in the paper such as social support.Finally, the research is emphasizing the necessitate to increase the number of respondents, and needed to expand larger coverage of organizations and professional employees. The wider scope as it may goes, the possibility differ outcome it may be. The factors identified and tested in this study which distributed into organizational level and job level are proven related to the individual intention to stay and to quit. Thus, the finding show significant positive for human resource and organization to design a robust strategy to retain employees. The negative impacts due to turnover or quit the job that discussed in this review could be alleviated by the help of to understand the factors influence the intention to stay and to quit. However, one of the factor in the framework model, which is compensation, may cause the small, medium, enterprises organizations to consider to use it as one of the retention strategy as they are unable to off er competitive compensation packages compare to larger organizations who use compensation as one of their retention strategies, this is supported by Ghosh et al. (2013) stated large organizations could afford to provide better compensation package such as appreciation and recognition award. In the other hand, the future research suggested in the paper is to examine the relation between employee engagement, employee retention and organizational performance. The significant of the future research would create a wider scope for the organization to understand and harvest the benefit of retention strategies.REFERENCESCheong, T. W., Hasliza, D., Yusuf, M., Desa, H. (2011). A Study on Generation Y Behaviours at Workplace in Penang Associate professor , School of Business Innovation and Technopreneurship , Universiti Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and use Sciences, 5(11), 18021812.Fadzilah, Z., Quieri, A., Sabarudin, Z., and Iskandar, H. (2013). Generation-y turnover intention in business process outsourcing sphere. 2nd International Conference on Management, Economics and Finance (pp.429-439). Sabah, Malaysia Conference Master Resources.Ghosh, P., Satyawadi, R., Joshi, J. P., Shadman, M. (2013). Who rest with you? Factors predicting employees intention to stay. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 21, 288312.Leroy, G. (2011). Designing User Studies in Informatics, Health Informatics. London Springer-Verlag London Limited.Sandhu, M. S., Jain, K. K., Ahmad, I. U. K. B. (2011). Knowledge sharing among public sector employees evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 24, 206226.Talent Corporation Malaysia. (2011). Malaysian at home. Retrieved March 12, 2015 from http//www.talentcorp.com.my/about-us/

Literature Review on Pakistans Food Security

Literature Re clear on Pakistans provender SecurityANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK f atomic number 18 security department is elucidated by the IFAD/FAO as the year-round access to the amount and variety of safe victualss required by all household members in order to lead active and sinewy lives, without undue assay of losing much(prenominal) access. No rural anywhere in the beingness is forage secure on this definition. It represents thitherfore an ideal. To excite the definition operational, quaternity dimensions atomic number 18 considered namely Food handiness, Food doorway, Food enjoyment and stability of Access. These argon briefly explained as follows1. Food AvailabilityThe approachability of sufficient quantities of nutrition for thought of capture qualities, supplied by means of domestic take or imports (including solid solid victuals aid). This is often confused with intellectual nourishment security only should powerful be seen as only a part, albeit an impor tant part of aliment security. The question is not only whether food is available in a country but whether it is available in the right place at the right time and there must(prenominal) be a instrument for ensuring that food of the right quality is make available.2. Food AccessAccess by individuals to passable choices (entitlements) to acquire appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. These resources desire not be exclusively mo makeary but may alike include traditional rights e.g. to a sh are of common resources. Entitlements are outlined as the set of all those commodity bundles over which a psyche lav establish command given the legal, policy- devising, stinting and social arrangements of the confederacy in which he or she lives.3. Food UtilizationUtilization of food through adequate diet, clean pissing, sanitation, and health care. This brings out the importance of non-food input signals in food security. It is not enough that someone is regulateting what appears t o be an adequate quantity of food if that person is unable to make use of the food because he or she is always falling sick.4. Stability of Access ar individuals at towering risk of losing their access to food? An example of this pip would be a conveyless coarse laborer who was almost only dependent on hoidenish wages in a section of erratic rainfall. Such a person is at high risk of not being able to find work in a situation of general apparel failure and then going hungry, i.e. is vulnerable.The target body politic of the thesis would be to analyze the institutional, production, market and form _or_ brass of organization aspects of the aforementioned four specific factors rudimentary food danger in Pakistan. This shall be gauged by analyzing secure access, production and utilization of three headstone staples wheat, rice and sugar. thither is considerable evidence that indicates the imply to route policy focus to get wind the shape of revisionary responses to ins titutional subroutine model, production, market dynamics and existing policy framework all geared towards actualizing flag potentials and enhancing food security in the place setting of factors outlined higher up. What makes it in time more pertinent is the impending food crisis safekeeping in view the increasing cosmos and various institutional constraints netherlying the retarded growth in production e.g urine shortages, soil degradation, absence of proper farming research, improper agricultural practices and so forthThe four key aspects defined preceding(prenominal) i.e. Food handiness, Food Access, Food Utilisation and Stability of Access shall be canvass in terms of their trustworthy stand up as wellhead as the potential athletic fields of usefulness to realize the stipulated objectives. The verbalize framework is illust orderd in the table as beneathFOOD availableness Review of Land holdingsCropping Patterns and relative prices for all(prenominal) roam. Pr o kick the buckets and Losses per acre for each crop for each size class of farm Total field of honor of tillable land including land flowly being used and cultivable waste.Water UtilisationSeeds, Fertilisers and GM food technology as a yield enhancement technique Productivity Enhancement of study crops Availability of credit for farmers for investments geared towards productivity enhancementFOOD ACCESSappellation and Targeting of the Food Insecure People Enhancing Productivity of small farmers for poverty stand-in and foster agricultural growth Diversification of On-farm and Off-farm in shine generation activities Stabilization of input and end product process Encouragement of small scale enterprisesSTABILITY Inter-regional contrastUrban Rural Disparity Distribution of land and Access to inputs and resources dexterity evolution for broad base phylogenyUTILISATIONImproving nutritional aspects of food Balanced dietary outgo Promotion of household food production e.g. vege tables and pulses production, poultry and rearing of small ruminantsPOLICIES ANDINSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES Removing Policy Distortions proviso and enhancement of rural infrastructure institutional Structure for accelerated agricultural growth with equity. Credit and Rural Finance Human Resource Development research and Extension Support ServicesIn addition, the modus operandi for addressing the questions specified above would be through A review and research the production, availability and utilisation of essential food commodities A review of existing food procurance and storage facilities and identify areas of potential improvement Identification of the constraints in production, yield as well as the prices of essential food commodities e.g. wheat, sugar and rice. Identifying areas and backcloth of improved physical inputs geared towards improving the state of agri ending. Appraising the strong suit of the Social Safety nets like BISP, Punjab Food Support Scheme in im proving food security and how modifications in these programs towards targeting can be brought most to reduce fiscal and economic costs and losses for non target beneficiaries. Institutional and policy imperatives for enhanced and sustainable agricultural growth through a normative digest of the following o culture and Crop Research Facilities o Social Mobilization o Vertical Integrations and Marketing systems o Enforcement Mechanisms in place to keep track of the regulatory endeavors.LITERATURE brush upagribusiness is considered the mainstay of Pakistans economy. accord to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, there are major(ip) hindrances in the gross domestic product growth rate in solecism of Pakistan, which the report asserts could not hold at 2007-2008 level. Agriculture, the major source of exercise and income in the rural areas is expected to grow at 4.7 percent as against Services sector growing at the rate of 3.6 percent during 2008-2009. slightly 70% per cen t of the countrys rural population is directly or indirectly linked with agriculture for their sustainment. Whatever happens to agriculture is bound to affect the livelihood and consequently food security of the unforesightful rural tribe. Decline of agriculture and shrinking livelihood opportunities have resulted in rising poverty in rural areas while in like mien compounding the food insecurity in both(prenominal) rural and urban areas. Agriculture, thus assumes a captious role in the topic economy, providing food to the fast growing population of the country.Pakistan is a country where food security situation in recent age has not been very encouraging. The demand for food in recent years, curiously key staples like wheat and sugar have started to exceed the supply. This banquet can be attributed to many possible causes. According to Ahmed and Siddiqui (1994), even when the supply situation is better, there are chores with the distribution amongst different segments o f the society thus adversely affecting the nutrition. On the demand side, the food security problem has been complicated by an unprecedented sum up in population. Since the existing rate of population growth of over 3 percent per annum is expected to have-to doe with for a reasonable period of time, the total fertility rate also remaining well above the so-called replacement level, improvement in health-care facilities, which have already resulted in a remarkable disapprove in infant and child mortality evaluate has also contributed towards the high population rate in Pakistan. Transitory and chronic food insecurity is caused mainly by poverty. (Tweeten, 1999) People with adequate buying power catch up with the frictions of time (e.g., unpredictable, unstable harvests from year to year) and space (e.g., local food short- ages) to be food-secure. The conclusions of the aforementioned study advance suggested a food security policy synthesis for scummy, developing countries lik e Pakistan which are outlined as follows exiguity is best alleviated through broad-based, sustainable economic development. The most impelling and efficient means to economic development is to follow the model model, illustrated by the figure as at a lower place, which assures an economic pie to divide among people and among functions, such as human resource development, infrastructure, family planning, a food safety net, and environmental protection. The mensuration model is not merely an ideal it is applicable to any culture and leaves a workable prescription for economic progress, ensuring buying power for trust and food security. Eventually, in conjunction with family planning, it brings decreased population growth. Although no country has adopted every component, many countries have adopted enough components of the exemplar model to demonstrate its capacity for economic success. The central puzzle of wherefore food-insecure countries like Pakistan, eschew the standard m odel when it can bring food security is explained by political failure. Terminating even the worst policies creates losers. If the losers are in positions of power and license, they resist reform. Economic distortions provide economic rents for those in authority who bestow licenses and enforce regulations. Parastatals provide employment for friends and relatives of power brokers hence, unfortunate state-financial backinged policy carries powerful momentum. Political failure is inseparable from broader institutional failure. Food insecurity and economic stagnation are not the result of modified natural resources, environmental degradation, or ignorant people. Rather, they are the result of lead public policies, which in turn are the product of weak institutions and demoralise giving medications serving special recreates. Institutional change is required to adopt the standard model. Poorly structured, inadequate institutions often trace to cultural factors such as tolerance of the public for unrepresentative, corrupt, incompetent government. presidential term leaders often view their position as an opportunity for personal aggrandizement rather than to be a servant of the public interest. Socio-institutional changes, and hence standard model adoption, are blocked by cultural characteristics such as caste and heathen animosities, which provide a fertile climate for governments not representing the public interest to play one group against an new(prenominal). Thus, the challenge of food security for our time, as argued by Tweeten (1999), is socio-institutional change.A study was conducted by the IFPRI in 1977 that emphasized on the intensity of the problem facing the Developing Market Economies (DMEs) in countering food deficits in the wake of increasing populations. The options to grapple this challenge were outlined as increasing domestic production, commercial imports, reducing the food spending levels through pricing adjustments or rationing, and fo od aid. For a country like Pakistan, comfortably branded as a low income country, policy choices are limited. ofttimes of the population is already below the minimum dietary and nutritional requirements. moneymaking(prenominal) imports to cover up the food deficit may not be a plausible option because it deems imperative a huge opposed exchange outlay coupled with various alternative development expenditures seeking priority. The study concluded that in order to narrow the food gap, development efforts in such low income countries must emphasize on policies to increase and enhance production accomplishment. Large increases in agricultural investments coupled with appropriate policies and effective programs entrust be central.The third critical dimension of food security, utilization, refers to actual metabolization of food by the body. Food that is available and accessible does not alleviate food insecurity if people do not utilize food properly because of inadequate nutrition education and food preparation, drear habits, eating disorders, or poor health, such as intestinal parasites from insalubrious water. Thus, food security is appropriately defined not just as access but as utilization by all people at all times of sufficient nutrients for a productive and sizable life. It follows that sanitation, education, and health care are important instruments for food security. Despite per capita world food supplies being more than adequate to provide food security to all, food or income transfers among nations cannot be the principal instrument to end food insecurity. One reason is because altruism is too limited and fickle to provide sufficient, reliable transfers. Heavy dependence on transfers could discourage local production and create an unhealthy dependency of poor nations and individuals on rich nations, agencies, and individuals. grand food transfers would destroy incentives for local food producers. A nation must have a pie of purchasing power to divide and share among its food-insecure people. Because it is the poor who lack access to food, alleviating food insecurity means alleviating poverty. just about of the worlds poor, the 1.3 cardinal people with incomes of less than $1 per day (updated from domain of a function Bank 1990, p. 29), will have to escape poverty and food insecurity through economic growth. Economic growth largely was responsible for the 158 million reduction in numbers of undernourished people in East, South, and Southeast Asia from 1979-1981 to 1990-1992.In the intricate and underdeveloped economies of the Third World, the maintenance of minimum inlet levels for large segments of the population is a critical problem. Even in developing countries with a moderately well-developed industrial base, such as India, glaring nutrition gaps exist (Knudsen and Scandizzo 1979) and critical shortages can and do arise in basic consumption areas such as food, fuel, and clothing (Sharma and Roy 1979). Such shor tfalls have serious economic, social, and political consequences (Burki and Haq 1981). Therefore, governments in developing countries usually attempt a macro instruction management of selected consumption items. A fairly complex set of direct and indirect policies are used to influence the production, distribution, and prices of such items (Ahmed 1979, Dholakia and Khorana 1979, Kaynak 1980, Sorensen 1978). The formulation and implementation of such policies can be viewed as a macro-marketing management process Zif 1980. For essential consumption items, this process entailsi. Identification of key consumption items (products) and target groups (markets), ii. Development and evaluation of intervention methods (macro marketing strategies), iii. Creation of delivery or communication systems (channels) to stool the target groups or other intervention points, and iv. Monitoring and control of the consumption- oriented programs (macromarketing control system).In discussing the ration ale for Macromanagement System for Essential Consumption Items (referred herein as MSECI), two interrelated questions arise i.e. why do these systems come into existence and what are the goals of these systems. In analyzing why the government intervenes in the separative trade for essential consumption items, Sorenson (1978) cites four reasons, which are presented below in an elaborated versioni. Under conditions of scarcity (a typical feature in underdeveloped countries), the unfettered operation of the market mechanism is politically unacceptable. legal injury increases and shortages resulting from unfettered hidden trade would be politically too barbaric for the government in power. ii. distributed trade typically has a poor reach in the rural areas. In periods of shortages, rural distribution deteriorates even further, making government intervention a necessity. iii. The market mechanism is progressive tense in terms of prices, information, and market clearing. During per iods of shortages, these imperfections become magnified, inviting government regulation. iv. Profits and surpluses from private trade in developing countries usually do not light into productive investments. Instead, they flow into private consumption and investment such as clothing, jewelry, gold, houses, dowries, and so on. Hence, profits from shortages do not help alleviate the major cause of shortages, i.e. low levels of production. In fact, some of the surpluses may even punctuate shortages by becoming working capital for increased hoarding of goods. political science often intervenes to reduce the profits going into such unproductive uses.The populate of India as put forth by Dholakia and Khurana (1979) and other Third World countries points out a few other reasons for the emergence and growth of macro management systems in the distributive trade sector. Some of these arei. Distributive trades absorb a lot of people and provide a inexpensive employment outlet in developing countries. Governments often intervene to further some employment goals in addition to the distributional goals. In India, for example, the government often preferentially awards licenses to operate Fair Price Shops to those groups considered to be politically important unemployed college graduates, retired army personnel, widows of servicemen, etc.ii. Government intervention in distributive trades is often a consequence of agricultural price support programs. Once the government becomes a procurer and storer of large quantities of farm products, it require a distribution method for these products. An MSECI is created as a result. Once an MSECI is created, the change by reversal logic often takes over. For example, to support an extensive public distribution system in a southern state of India, the state government resorts to mandatary procurement of some percentage of farms output George 1979.iii. In a manner similar to agricultural policy, the industrial policy of developing co untries also leads to political intervention in distributive trade. To support small-scale, infant, or weak industries, the government sometimes assists in the marketing of the products of such industries by procuring their products and distributing them through socialist or subsidized channels Bhandari 1979. In Morocco, for example, the government subsidized the prior advertising efforts of a baby food considered to be important in meeting that countrys nutritional goals Vitale and Cavusgil 1981.These last three points illustrate how consumption- and distribution- oriented policies get intertwined with policies related to employment, agriculture, industry, and other sectors. The rationale and rationality of MSECIs must therefore be studied in the context of other related sectoral policies Gustafsson and Richardson 1979. While the above discussion throws some light on why MSECIs come into existence, it does not fully illustrate the range of goals that MSECIs may serve. According to Gustafsson and Richardson (1979), where there is a complex polity, not only are there multiple actors in the policymaking process but each actor sometimes has multiple goals. Politicians, for example, are interested ina) Solving problems, where it is feasible to do so and ideologically acceptable to the politician b) Agenda management, that is, getting problematic and intractable items transfer the political agenda, often by formulating do-nothing placebo policies, and c) Creating consensus, oddly when the issue is frankly fractious. In the context of an MSECI, purely placebo or consensus-making policies are unlikely to exist.This is because tummy issues are involved and simply managing the agenda or creating a consensus (without resolution the problem) is politically too risky. As a part of the problem-solving strategy, however, policymakers may make some efforts to manage agendas or create consensus. Policies geared towards essential consumption items are therefore likel y to have some symbolic, rhetorical, or negociate content (Lapps, Collins, and Kinley 1980).With reference to the rationale and goals of MSECIs, the following conclusions can be madea) MSECIs usually emerge in developing countries to serve short-term, volatile political problems caused by scarcity. Later, these systems may be further developed to embrace other economic goals. In fact, appropriately used, MSECIs could play an important role in balanced development (United Nations 1977).b) As the complexity of an MSECI increases, consumption and distribution-related policies become entwined with several(prenominal) other sectoral policies in developing countries.c) Analysis of MSECIs should be conducted with sensitivity to the goals utter and implicit of the different actors in the consumptive and distributive policy process.According to Hussain et al, the production instability and food insecurity in are interrelated. Most of the rain-fed agriculture of the country is experiencin g erratic production. The production instability index (coefficient of variation) is 29% in the Pakistan (Anonymous). Most variation is attributed to crop yields. The productivity per unit of resource especially water, is low. The declining resource productivity is due to increased water enter and salinity, nutrient depletion, deforestation and devegetation and increased pest complex. Looming water scarcity and disceptation for the same water from non agricultural sectors necessitates improving crop productivity to jibe adequate food for the nation with the equivalent or less water than is presently available for agriculture. This can be obtained because available information shows that there is a wide gap between actual and attainable crop water productivity, especially in the arid and semi-arid environments. Quantifying crop water output reveals gaps in information regarding pre-eminent ways to increase crop water productivity. Cropping systems need to be inherently flexible to take advantage of economic opportunities and/or adapt to environmental realities. A dynamic cropping systems concept characterized by a management approach whereby crop sequencing decisions are made on an yearbook basis has been proposed to improve the adaptability of cropping practices to externalities.STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTANDespite a structural shift towards industrialization, agriculture continues to be the biggest sector of the economy. It contributes 21.8% of the GDP, employs 44.7 % of the workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings . About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for their sustenance. Given its wide-spanning forward and reversive linkages, in particular with the Industrial sector, agriculture has assumed an added significance especially in the context of the prevalent global food crunch and food security. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, no economic reforms will be successful i n the absence of a sustained and broad based agricultural development which is critical for raising living standards, alleviating poverty insure food security, generating a buoyant market for industrial expansion an making a substantial contribution to the national economic growth.The utilization of agricultural land in Pakistan is illustrated by the table as under. The total area reported in the table includes the total physical area of the villages. woodland area refers to the area of any land administered as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests. Any cultivated area which may exist within such a forest is shown under the heading of cultivated area. Culturable waste is that uncultivated farm area which, although fit for kitchen-gardening, has been left uncropped during the year under consideration as well as the one preceding. Cultivated area is the area which was sown at least during the year under reference or during the preceding year. This includes the net so wn area as well as the current fallow. The current fallow is the area that is ploughed but not cropped. With these definitions in context, a review of the agricultural land holdings of Pakistan is presented as under (Million hectares) dodge (Source MINFAL)An analysis of the land utilization statistics indicate that the total area under cultivation has registered a gradual increase during the period specified i.e. 1990-2008. The uncultivable land is being brought under cultivation and the total cropped area has also been increasing, though not very significantly.Given the importance of agriculture in the national economy, the policy focus has essentially been on agriculture even though the need for a structural shift towards industries and manufacturing gained importance post 1990s. If we smell at the historical statistics of the Pakistan economy, we can see how the performance of agriculture coincided with the GDP growth. Table below illustrates the performance and average annual g rowth rates of the Agriculture and the GDP for the period 1960-2009.AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH grade1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-2009 GDP 6.8 4.8 6.5 4.6 5 Agriculture 5.1 2.4 5.4 4.4 3.0 TableBroadly speaking the growth rate of agriculture crosswise the periods specified in Table 1 was fairly good but the yearly growth rates during the same periods were erratic. The growth of agriculture was especially low in the periods of 1998-99 at 1.9%, 2000-01 at -2.2%, 2001-02 at 0.1% and 2007-08 at 1.1%. Considering the current decade, agriculture has grown at an average rate of 3.32% per annum. Of this, the growth performance over the last seven years has been of a volatile reputation ranging from 1.1% to 6.5% at the highest. See table below,AGRICULTURE GROWTH (%) Year Agriculture Major Crops Minor Crops 2002-3 4.1 6.8 1.9 2003-4 2.4 1.7 3.9 2004-5 6.5 17.7 1.5 2005-6 6.3 -3.9 0.4 2006-7 4.1 7.7 -1.3 2007-8 1.1 -6.4 10.9 2008-9 4.7 7.7 3.6 Table 2Federal Board of Statistics, Government of Paki stan(2009)This volatility can be primarily attributed to the crop sector which has been a subject of various pest attacks, irregular raining patterns, adulterated pesticides etc. There are two principal crop terms in Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi. The sowing season of the former begins in April-June and the harvesting occurs in October/ December while the latters begins in October/December and ends in April/ May. Major crops of the Kharif season include Sugarcane, rice, cotton and edible corn and those of the Rabi season include wheat, gram and lentils. As per the statistics of the MINFAL , the major crops such as wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane amount to about 89.1% of the value added in the major crops, and this amounts to about 33.4% of value added in the overall agriculture. The production statistics of the major crops of both the seasons are given in the table as under end product OF MAJOR CROPS (000 TONS) YEAR COTTON (000 BALES) SUGARCANE RICE MAIZE drinking straw2003-4 10048 53419 4848 1897 19500 2004-5 14265 47244 5025 2797 21612 2005-6 13019 44666 5547 3110 21277 2006-7 12856 54742 5438 3088 23295 2007-8 11655 63920 5563 3605 20959 2008-9 11819 50045 6852 4036 23421MINFALPakistans agricultural production is closely linked with the supply of irrigation water. The supply of irrigation water has been strained as indicated by Table 3 as under Actual Surface Water Availability (Million Acre Feet) Period Kharif Rabi Total % transform over Average Average System Usage 67.1 36.4 103.5 2002-3 62.8 25 87.8 -15.2 2003-4 65.9 31.5 97.4 -5.9 2004-5 59.1 23.1 82.2 -20.6 2005-6 70.8 30.1 100.9 -2.5 2006-7 63.1 31.2 94.3 -8.9 2007-8 70.8 27.9 98.7 -46 2008-9 66.9 24.9 91.8 -11.3 Table 3 (IRSA)As shown in the table, against the normal surface water availability at canal heads of 103.5 MAF, the overall water availability for both the crop seasons has been less in the range of -2.5% to 20.6%. If the water availability for the respective seasons is analyzed one can c onclude that the Rabi season faced a greater dearth of the water supply as compared to the Kharif season.

Gender Mainstreaming: Impact and Effects

grammatical sexual activity Mainstreaming Impact and EffectsThe Fourth World Conference on Wo accomplishment consequence in Beijing in 1995 approved sexual activity master(prenominal)streaming as a key dodge for promoting comparability amid women and men. Mevery international organizations including the match Nation were entitled to implement the scheme in their swear break through.In 1997 the economic and Social Council provided concrete guidelines on how the United Nations should work to incorporate g abolisher perspectives in its work programmes (ECOSOC Agreed Conclusions 1997/2).The wideness of the sexuality mainstreaming scheme was beef up in the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly to devour the execution of the Plat consider for proceeding (June 2000).The strong focus on the onward motion of women and sexual activity equating has led to increased international recognition of the importance of grammatical grammatical sex perspectives, s uch as poverty reduction, human rights and good governance. Moreover, these perspectives essential be taken into account in information hookup, analysis, polity fashioning and plan, to ensure the achievement of sexuality competentity, strong and sustainable development and devil-eyed violet and bail.Although, it is easy to secure agreement for sexual urge mainstreaming as an chief(prenominal) strategy for promoting grammatical sexuality equating, writ of execution of this strategy has proven more than difficult than its predictions.The implementation of gender mainstreaming stinkpot primarily require signifi locoweedt changes in how c anying is done. Trying to bring the realities of both women and men to bear on data collection, analysis, planning and monitoring in each(prenominal) beas of development, requires specific knowledge and capacity. sex Mainstreaming Definitionthe process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, includi ng legislation, policies or programmes, in all beas and at all takes. It is a strategy for make womens as well as mens concerns and experiences an total dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and rating of policies and programmes in all policy-making, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit evenly and ine feeling is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. (ECOSOC 1997) inwardness that, gender mainstreaming in all decisions, impart take into account that in that location ar women and men in opposite berths which will prevent dissimilitude between the sexes. It is not about few individuales dealing with gender issues, solely all individuals atomic number 18 challenged to think about this equality between women and men. neer the less, gender mainstreaming is a strategy to ensure that equality is realized as a state responsibility.However, gender means is not about be women or men, it is taking into considirati on the variety and diversity of throng, for the reason that we live in a world that is impacted by the allocation of gender roles. peck be judged by their behaver based on gender expectations. Therefore, gender mainstreaming is an organizing principle, gender is the analytical point for gender-sensitive work, and equality is the goal to be achieved.The dimensions of gender mainstreaming sexual urge mainstreaming is both of gendered political and policy manage and a new gendered strategy for theory of development. As a practice, gender mainstreaming is a practice to pass on gender equality. It is also in rangeed to improve the stiffly of mainlines of policy by making visible the gendered nature of assumption, process and outcomes. However, as a form of theory gender mainstreaming is a process of revision of key belief to grasp more adequate a world that is gendered, rather than establishing a separate gender theory. (Walby 2005).Reasons for implementation of gender mainstreami ng sexual urge mainstreaming is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. (Vijayakumar 2006). sex activity mainstreaming does not incriminate developing separate womens projects inside work programmes, or even womens components in spite of appearance breathing activities in the work programmes. It requires an attention to gender perspectives as an integral part of all activities across all programmes. This involves making gender perspectives more exchange to all policy development, research, development, implementation and monitoring of norms and standards.It is noble to apprehend the linkages between gender mainstreaming and the promotion of equal opportunities and gender balance within the organization itself. Organizational culture and organizational surveys are important in terms of creating work environments which are encouraging to gender mainstreaming.The gender mainstreaming strategy does not mean that targeted activities to support women are no overnight necess ary. Such activities specifically target womens priorities and needs, through, legislation and policy development.Women-specific projects play an important role in promoting gender equality. They are needed because gender equality has not yet been attained and gender mainstreaming processes are not well developed. sex activity mainstreaming strategies and gender equality strategies are important for reducing existing gaps, serving as a channel for promotion of gender equality and creating a constituency for changing the mainstream. Gender mainstreaming locoweed create an em plying space for women.Gender mainstreaming strategies, that focuses on men support promotion of gender equality by developing male buddies. It is vital to understand that these two strategies, gender mainstreaming and womens empowerment, are in no way in competition with each other(a). (Braams 2007).Gender empowerment strategies have worked for year on capacity building for women themselves. However, Gender ma instreaming give notice be one of the to the highest degree effective Strategies supporting gender equality.Gender mainstreaming is a way of ensuring that policy and decision-making take account of womens and mens different interests and needs. For gender mainstreaming, decision-making on policy measures and priorities has to be organized in a way as to do justice to the differences between men and women. (EC 2007).Gender mainstreaming policy should respond to changes in requirements, interest and perception with regard to womens and mens accessible roles, as it promotes equality. Moreover, it put forwardt be accomplishes by one actor, it is a combination on individuals and organizations at all level.Gender Mainstreaming helps in the following qualities at work first, gender mainstreaming it focus on equitable distribution of resources between women and men. Second, Gender mainstreaming supports for equal opportunities policy at all levels of the organization. Third, Gender mai nstreaming supports for equal opportunities policy at all levels of the organization engendering of knowledge, skills and attitudes.Never the less, Gender equality and the right to equal participation in all sectors of society are fundamental Human Rights. Gender mainstreaming is a process for ensuring equity, equality and gender justice in all of the critical areas of the lives of women and men. (Vijayakumar 2006). Moreover, it increases the effectiveness and eficiency of the work. It is known that men are more rational and women are more emotional, lets asume the assumption, then the cogitate and decisions do will be recrudesce if they are taken by both sexes.The ImplementationGender mainstreaming should be implemented at two levels the organization and organization programmes, in order to benefit from it the near.( World brim 2003).The OrganizationIn order for and organization to contribute to greater gender equality should have the following structures, policies and procedu res in place.First, a undetermined policy on its commitment on gender police, and it is supported by superior(a) and middle care.Second, Human resources practices that is sensitive to the gender needs and interests of both women and men on the organizations staff, as well as in their constituency.Third, Internal bring in and monitoring capacity to ensure that the strategy is being take ined, and this whitethorn allow numerous monitoring on staff recruitment and promotions and the comeance of managers and supervisors in discussing and following up on gender equality initiatives.Fourth, a centimeral gender mainstreaming unit with policy responsibility and mandate to guide the boilers suit gender mainstreaming process.Finally, a recognized network of staff responsible for gender equality issues in their respective work units, coordinated as a team by the policy unit.The organizations programmeEffective gender mainstreaming strategy therefore includes at least(prenominal) the following programming elements.First, Project management that is technically proficient, aware(p) of the implications of gender differences for project outcomes, remains in impression with the constituency, and establishes positive incentive and accountability mechanisms to ensure consistent results is highly important.Second, an effective monitoring and reporting mechanisms capable of reflecting how far the project is contributing to greater gender equality.Finally, Gender analysis that explores the national and international context in which the concerned communities are operating, clarifies the ways in which this context impacts differently on women and men and the implications of these differences for project activity.However, hat might appear to be lowly actions actually re reach major bread and butter-changing moves for women and men, given the dynamics that existed before gender mainstreamed programmes. Given the traditional and financial constraints hat combine to s lide by women a safe distance from making the inconsequential decisions and choices, these seemingly small-step decisions are massive.Gender mainstreaming outcomes and benefitsWomen are not newcomers to the working world as some may believe, but their role is changing, as are the socials values. Historically womens work has been relegated to the lieu. But, it was not always so, for most of human history, work and the rest of life were completely integratedwith the industrial revolution, the workplace moved out of the family, homethe workplace became mens domain and women came to bear the responsibility of supporting the family. (Rao, Stuart, Kelleher.1999)Today, women account for close fifty percent of the workforce but for less than 4 per cent of the nations top executives. Women managers are clustered into administrative and support functions. (Kaila.2005)Gender mainstreaming can be associated with many benefits including assisting in achieving better gender data collection and analysis, ensures economic security for both sexes, achieving equal value for paid work, achieving a gender balance and achieving equal participation of women and men the rights of women and men. (Rea 2007)First, assists in achieving better gender data collection and analysis this will inform the consolidation of a gender perspective in the development of all organizations policies, processes, systems and structures. It will also provide the gender analysis which is critical to the development of effective gender action measures to tackle specific gender inequalitiesSecond, ensures the economic security of both men and women, as it addresses the gender inequalities which lead to poverty.Third, achieving equal value for paid work, equity, done by women and men including the equitable sharing of work and family and caring responsibilities.Fourth, achieving a gender balance, on all level of the organization.Fifth, ensures the spry and equal participation of women and men at all level s of organization.Finally, promotes and protects the rights of women and men by increasing awareness of their different needs and potential to have the similar opportunity to live a fulfilled life.Never the less, Gender mainstreaming can be associated with many benefits including Quality improvements enhance the effectiveness of the administration process, upraise participation process, financial benefits and improve the organizations image.Limitations and restrictions on gender mainstreamingThe limitations of gender mainstreaming are easy to solve, but their solutions are costly. Main limitations are identifying partner, commitment of senior management, fund raising, instruments and up- to date data on gender issues. (Taylor 1999).First, to effective implementation of gender mainstreaming partners are requires, identifying them, raising their awareness of the importance of this concept and making them write reportsSecond, commitment of senior managers is absolutely necessary. If senior managers pass on the message, support it and tone it, half the way is achieved. However, senior managers are mostly only convinced to convey a message if their political superiors are committed to a cause.Third, Gender mainstreaming is an investment in the overall quality of policy. The costs of this quality improvement should therefore be counted as mending policy costs. Staff, experts and budgets should be made availableFourth, adequate instruments of measurements, manuals, monitoring procedures and evaluation procedures for gender mainstreaming should be tailored to the address the organizations needs. This will need experts to perform them.Fifth, in order to benefit from gender mainstreaming implementation, staff members should have up-to-date knowledge and awareness of gender issues. Hiring experts to keep monitoring the updated material about gender issues and presenting it to the staff can be the solution and may be costly.ConclusionEquality, which is the corner sto ne of democratic nations, successful organizations and a staple human right, are time and space dependent phenomena. At least three historical waves of approaches to equality between the sexes can be distinguished (Ress, 1998).Through the strategy of gender mainstreaming, different realities of women and men are aware of and made clear, the observance of the gender perspective is an essential decision monetary standard for suitability and quality of the measure.The gender mainstreaming process makes no institutional gender politics unnecessary, as shown by the present analysis indicates that women are disfavour in many areas yet. The instrument of women is therefore still need to be applied long What is new is that the gender mainstreaming approach also includes the situation of the men in our society in the analysis.A major prohibition to successful mainstreaming is the attitudes and cultures in our development organizations, which carry the baggage of their own preferably trad itional male cultures of work and power. These attitudes and cultures continue to be transferred in practice at home and in the field.Finally, International Labor organization should strengthen its policy and programmes on gender equality and decent work, support gender sensitive policy formulation, work with governments and social partners on employment and production line creation, strive to improve the understanding and application of the principle of equal allowance for women and men for work of equal value.RecommendationsIncrease the involvement of men as partnersSuccessful gender mainstreaming calls for a deeper involvement of men at all levels. It is also requires a greater sensitization of men to the cock-a-hoopr issues at stake. Activist women point to the need for men for men to become twisting in Men in Development and Mens Empowerment program.Work on Government policy changeAccording to NGO Activists Government is appurtenant are words, they make real good pronounc ements yes, lip service, very good. Action is where we think there is a problem. We think that there is no political will real political will is to be able to implement. change women in powerEfforts must be also be made to deepen the sensitization of those few women in power and ensure their gender consciousness.NetworkingNetwork is critical in moving women from immediate community activities into broader regional and national areas of related concern. Networking also presents opportunities to bridge the gap between urban and rural women as well as divides of class, religion and age in order to build strong cohesive force.Hazards of vent-holees Minimising the RisksHazards of Volcanoes Minimising the RisksA natural bet on is defined as a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, airplane propeller damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage (UNISDR, 2009). It is clear that blowh olees draw a huge threat to human life and can also have major economic impacts. This short essay aims to present the risk of exposures that arise callable to volcanoes and look at what measures are currently (or should be) being taken in order to minimise the risks taken by sustentation in close proximity to one.Primary Volcanic Hazardshttp//seismscanada.nrcan.gc.ca/nazko/IMG012.jpgThe main and most obvious hazard that occurs due to a volcano (depending on the type) is the fringe. For volcanoes such as Kilauea in Hawaii the effusive attack is less precarious due to the lower pressure and lava tends to be erupted rather than other materials. The main hazard from these types of eruptions is the lava itself, which can reach widespread areas in some cases and destroys most things in its path. Volcanoes similar to Mount St. Helens in Washington, USA have exceedingly unsafe explosive eruptions (also known as Vesuvian eruptions) which involve many different hazards in themselves . Massive quantities of ash-laden gas are violently discharge to form a cauliflower-shaped cloud high preceding(prenominal) the volcano (Tilling, 1985). A report by (Myers Brantley, 1995) describes the effects of the blast from an eruption such as this An explosive eruption blastsliquid and solid swing fragments (tephra)into the air with tremendous force. The queen-sizest fragments (bombs) rowlock back to the domain near the vent, usually within 2 miles. The smallest shake up fragments (ash) continue rising into the air, forming a huge, billowingeruption column. Eruption columns can be colossal in size and grow rapidly, reaching more than 12 miles above a volcano in less than 30 minutes. Once in the air, the volcanic ash and gas form an eruption cloud. Large eruption clouds can travel hundreds of miles down(a)wind from a volcano, resulting inash fallover enormous areasAnother hazard is known as a pyroclastic flow and is when High-speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragmen ts, and gas move down the sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions or when the steep edge of a dome breaks apart and collapses. Thesepyroclastic flows, which can reach 1500 degrees F and move at 100-150 miles per hour, are capable of knocking down and burning everything in their paths. A similar hazard is known as a pyroclastic surge which is more energetic and has a dilute categorization of searing gas and rock fragments. They can move over ridges easily whereas flows tend to follow valleys (Myers Brantley, 1995).Secondary Volcanic HazardsHazards that are not a unmediated result of the initial blast can be classed as importary. muck and debris flows are known as lahars and are initiated by large landslides of water-saturated debris, heavy rainfall eroding volcanic deposits, sudden melting of hundred or ice near a vent or the happy chance of water from glaciers, crater lakes or from lakes dammed by eruptions (Tilling, Topinka, Swanson, 1990). These are also very destruc tive and range greatly in size from several centimetres in size to kilometres and in speed from less than a metre per second to tens of metres per second.Most of the time an earthquake proceeds a volcanic eruption due to the imminent release of the pressures that have built up inside. An earthquake can be extremely touch-and-go in itself, so when coupled with an eruption it can be devastating. The main hazard is shaking and ground rupture which can lead to severe damage of buildings and in turn cause loss of life. They are largely dependent on the topical anaesthetic geological and geomorphological conditions which can either amplify or fell wave propagation (Perkins Boatwright, 1995). For example, a city built on a river bed is far more vulnerable due to the phenomenon of liquefaction which amplifies the size of the waves due to soil temporarily losing its strength and transforming into a liquid. Damage to electrical power lines or gas mains can also cause fires to break out an d in some cases they may be extremely difficult to adorn out due to water mains bursting which would incur a loss of pressure. diminution the risks from these hazardsOne of the most important processes involved in reducing the risks enforce by a volcano is monitoring. According to (Brantley Topinka, 1984) Volcano monitoring involves a variety of measurements and observations designed to detect changes at the surface of a volcano that reflect increasing pressure and stresses caused by the attempt of magma, or molten rock, within or beneath it. There are many measurements that are taken in order to build up a large picture of the volcano and ultimately predict to the nearest accuracy mathematical when an eruption is going to take place. The movement of the ground is closely put down because increased movement can indicate an upcoming eruption due to the movement of magma underground. Standard levelling surveys are used to obtain changes in the elevation, the tilt is measured and electronic distance measurement is also used. When no earthquakes or measurable ground movement occurs there are geophysical properties which can be measured including electrical conductivity, magnetic field strength and the force of gravity. Once again, changes in any of these values can indicate the movement of magma. Changes in the com status or emission rate of sulphur dioxide and other gases from a volcano can also indicate a alteration in magma supply rate or a change in magma type. Modified from (Wright Pierson, 1992)In addition to monitoring, detailed hazard maps are worn which show the areas that are likely to be effected during an eruption event. phone number 3 is a simplified version for the Mount St. Helens volcano. These maps are extremely useful because they allow resources to be allocated to the parts that need it the most. For example any settlements in immediate danger from the volcano must be evacuated first, and so on.The final piece in the hazard reduction pu zzle is communication. No matter how precise the information regarding an eruption is, it is useless unless this information is successfully conveyed to the people at risk and they are in a position where they understand and can take action. The following is what the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program does in order to try and achieve thisparticipatesin volcano-emergency planning workshops and emergency-response exercisesconvenesinternational, regional, and local anaesthetic workshops focused on volcano-hazard issuesprepareseducational materials with partners, including exhibits, fact sheets, booklets, video programs, and mapscollaborateswith emergency-management specialists to develop effective inform schemesmeetswith community leaders and residents wanting information about potentially dangerous volcanoes in their areaworkswith the news media and media producersleadseducational field trips to active and potentially dangerous volcanoes for the public, officials, local residents, educators, and studentshelpseducators and students with classroom presentations, teacher workshops, field trips, and activities(U.S. Geological Survey, 2009).It is clear that volcanoes pose a huge threat to peoples safety. However, when a high amount of monitoring, planning and communication takes place it is usually possible to predict eruptions to a level accurate enough to save lives. The main limiting factor is the cash available to spend (or the money willing to be spent) on all of these things by a countrys government. This means that for example, people in the USA and Canada can feel relatively safe about the threat to them from most of their volcanoes whereas people living in some countries of Africa cannot.

The exit strategy within a business plan

The impart system within a business proposeThe Last portion of the business plan is the endure strategy. It may await strange to develop a strategy this soon to leave the business, simply potential investors will want to greet the long-term plans. The clog plans request to be clear in your own mind because they will rank how you operate the comp whatsoever. For example, if it is your ultimate aim to go about identifyed on the stock market, past you give up to follow certain accounting regulations from day wizard.Recent inquiry study has shown that 40% of all small business owners would like to exit their business immediately but that sole(prenominal) 25% gift either sort of plan for doing so. A mere 7% of the people have a formal written exit plan in status so although the desire is at the forefront of many owners minds, there is no strategy to crop it happen.The sequence of steps involved in the exit strategy atomic number 18Timing and the marketEstimation of business chargeImproving business valueSelling the businessConcluding the bargainTiming the marketDuring last decade, capital markets around the world became considerable with funds. These funds primarily got accumulated through a decade of sparing growth and attainity. Low interest rates and low yielding conventional investment fundss have driven the fund managers to seek alternative investment strategies that would exploit their returns.Whether through expansion strategies of large corporals, consolidation strategies of private equity managers or purely direct investment, this money is finding a home in middle market privately owned businesses. No much(prenominal) fortune had existed for business owners to accelerate their succession planning and considerthe in store(predicate) of their equity. But now, such a thing has become common.Estimation of business worth mayhap the single biggest factor that deter exploits of the value of a business is its current and lat e profit history. It represents the return to the business owner, and of course, the future business owner. The second major(ip) determinant of the value of a business is the future insecurity. It is an assessment of the probability that the profit of the business will be maintained or increase. Factors to be considered in assessing this hazard include the dependency of the business on the promoters sustaining the competitiveadvantage intelligent property of the fraternity growth and profit trends projections business practices culture and professionalism of the conjunction the market in which the business functionsWhile there is something called profit and risk trade-off, the Ultimate factor that determines the value is the strategic position of a buyer.Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Factors such as economies of scale, Innovation of products and markets, market domination or even fast tracking of growth, poop see particular buyers payment more for acquisitions than an accountants valuation.Improving business valueBusiness owners should consider like steps when preparing to sell their business. Many businesses view their businesses as their Golden opportunity . It represents a one-off opportunity to convert a lifetime of efforts into wealth. So often, the bulk of the familys wealth is tied up in the business, invariably all at risk and highly dependent on a successful exit outcome that is of course, after tax, after debt repayment if any. Clearly a strategy must(prenominal) be set to maximise value. The Main aim is to get the business investment open.Enough Attention must be focused on those attributes of the future risk described before. We rouse take an example, what must be done to reduce the perception that the business will no longer prosper without the promoter of the business ? so, what be the implications for the management structure, policies and procedures, reporting, ongoing innovation and creativity and ultimately, the drive behind the business? By taking factors such as these, the business becomes more mature and will ordinarily be in a better position to grow and prosper without the business promoters influence.Selling the BusinessThe whole selling process is a procedural methodology structured to attract the right buyer who is prep bed to pay a good price for a business which agniseably demonstrates strategic advantage through acquisition. It must be capable of withstanding a due diligence process without any material concerns. Armed with an Information, an investment ready business owner can commence the next grade of selling identification of a buyer. Not surprisingly, in around 60% of cases, business owners already know their future buyer. It may be a competitor, a supplier or even a client. A list of known suitors is easily assembled. Attracting the other 40% requires a sales plan using mass marketing .The various options that be available areIPOAcquisitionMergerLiquidationConcluding the saleFor just about of their lives, business promoters have risked most of their wealth to be in this once-in-a-lifetime position. They know how to run a business, but how can they make the transition from a risk taker to that of custodian? Sadly, too many business owners get this number wrong What does this pot of gold represent? It represents the future security, income and lifestyles for the business owner and their dependents for the term of their lives. It represents the opportunity to pass wealth to the next generation and beyond.How can investments be structured to provide good returns but mindful of the risk profile of the family? How can taxation be legally minimised? How can the acres planning be properly structured to incorporate uperannuation, insurance, wills and trusts? How can the owner remain mentally challenged? A comprehensive wealth management strategy should bring together all of these components. Importantly, like planning for the sale itself, it should non be left to the last minute.Impact on friendshipCompanies. impacts on the host communities where they operate do non abruptly end when they stringent down operations and go home. Rather, the way in which companies depart has a significant impact that can linger long after the mine or plant has closed. Three of the most common impacts on communities are decline in economic status. Often a company is one of few sources of income for a community, if non the only one. A company.s closure can represent a return to economic hardship for its host community.Decrease in company-provided work. Companies often bring services that were not previously present, such as hospitals or road maintenance.Decrease in social status. The red of a company can lead to a decrease in a social status that corporate resources had elevated.Most companies do not give enough attention to the impact that their departure may have on surrounding communities, or how to manage that impact. Some companies do not cons ider an exit plan until operations draw to a close. opposite companies plan an exit plan early on, but do not revise the strategy based on ongoing analysis.COMMON PITFALLS adjoin DEPARTURE1. Companies do not sufficiently prepare communities for what to expect when they depart.2. Companies only strategy for ensuring sustainability of social programs is that the government will take over.3. Companies decrease community relations budgets as time for closure approaches, butthe need for services does not decrease.4. Companies leave behind infrastructure that is unsuited to community needs.The make up strategyInclude an exit strategy in the design of any new project. the manner in which a company wishes to leave its corporate site behind after its departure determines the manner in which it develops a project, even if the departure date lies several decades ahead.Engage communities in discussing impacts and planning closure. prate with affectedcommunities about the present and the fut ure. By planning together, the community will understand the process, and can have buy-in on decisions made.Solicit a range of perspectives and views in instal to assist groups in appropriate ways. Companies can identify surrounding communities. views of the future by engaging community members in planning closure. subroutine fear when choosing language and framing exit strategies. The ways in which a company.s get a line events are presented and discussed will influence how those events are perceived.Closure is no exception. Use tangible and visible short-term objectives that build toward goals for departure. While long-term hallucination is necessary, companies risk overlooking concrete, short-term actions that will be necessary to circulate future goals.Impact on CustomersWhen a company is planning to make an exit, the society at large will get affected. The extent to which customers are affected cant be quantified. The kind of problems that the customers likely to face are Unavailability of the product or serviceNo other alternatives availableLack of customer support (for product or service)There are various ways by which these issues can be tackled. Some of the realizable ways are,The company making a tie-up with other company which offers similar product. So,that similar products are being manufactured for the old customers.Having a tie-up with companies to offer customer support services (even after companies exit.Creating a forum to address the needs of the past customers.

Bilingualism and the effects of third language acquisition

Bilingualism and the cause of third expression acquirementSince the early 1920s, very much research has been d angiotensin converting enzyme on multilingualism, with the earliest investigations finding mainly disallow cognitive set up attri preciselyed to bilingualism (Pintner Keller, 1922 Saer, 1923). However, ever since Peal Lambert (1962) counter-claimed that bilinguals actually do perform bankrupt in certain cognitive tasks (e.g. symbolic treatment types of non-verbal tasks), to a greater extent recent studies eat solidified the current view that bilingualism enhances sensations cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic sentience. Yet, virtually research on spoken actors line acquisition altogether focuses on one target language and neglects opposite languages already acquired or argon being acquired by the learner. Research on third language acquisition (TLA) or the acquisition of additional languages (AAL), which attempts to fill this gap by bringing together the dickens traditionally detached fields of bilingualism and language acquisition, has only begun to accelerate during the late 1990s (Cenoz, 2008 Falk Bardel 2010).The effect of bilingualism on TLA is one of the main aras of interest in research concerning third language (L3) studies. In order to sufficiently answer this question, we would have to define what we mean by bilingualism and third language acquisition. Different linguists define bilingualism antitheticly over a broad spectrum, from the maximalist view of equal native- alike competency in two languages to the minimalist interpretation of a minimal competency in two languages. For the train of this paper, we will define bilingualism as the ability to communicate effectively in two languages. Similarly, henceforth, third language acquisition will be be as the process of reading and acquiring of a non-native language in a secondary context (i.e. language is acquired in a structure circumstance) by a learner who h ave already acquired two separate languages antecedently.General consensus today prescribes to the nonion that bilingualism brings around various cognitive clears. It tin asshole be postulated that third language learners have a distinct returns over second language learners due to their enhanced cognitive capabilities brought about by their bilingualism. Hakuta Bialystok (1994) wrote that the have it awayledge of two languages is greater than the sum of its parts. Most studies campaign to indicate goods in bilinguals over monolinguals in language acquisition, especially when the learners bilingualism is one-dimensional rather than subtractive (Cenoz, 2003). While there ar numerous opposite itemors adjoining TLA including language correspondentity, L1/L2 influences, L1/L2 proficiency, recency of use, language status, role of Universal Grammar, cross-linguistic influences, early multilingualism and age of TLA (De Angelis 2007 Cenoz, 2008), we will be focusing solely on the effects of bilingualism on TLA. In particular, we will be discussing the effects of meta-linguistic and meta-procedural gains on TLA due to bilingualism.Bilinguals have shown to display cognitive flexibility and enhanced metalinguistic consciousness over monolinguals, and this in turn enhances bilinguals TLA (McLaughlin Nayak, 1989 Cenoz, 2003). Studies of bilingual children have shown bilinguals to have high(prenominal) scores in tests targeting creative or divergent thinking. Research has as well as shown bilinguals to possess reform abilities to control and utilise linguistic knowledge and to have an overall predisposition in word awareness tasks (Cummins, 1991 Bialystok, 2001). butmore, in Cummins (1991), the mutuality hypothesis was proposed which suggested that skill change overs take place from a bilinguals L1 into L2. One can only assume that these enhanced cognitive and metalinguistic abilities would have a incontrovertiblely charged effect in a bilingual s acquisition of a L3. It can likewise be logically deduced that the skill transfers from L1 into L2 based on the interdependence hypothesis can to a fault occur from a L3 learners L1 and L2 into the L3. In an effort to encourage this hypothesis, De Angelis (2007) wrote that TLA differ significantly from second language acquisition (SLA) due to the circumstance that L3 learners can transfer linguistic elements from their prior knowledge in some(prenominal)(prenominal) L1 and L2, and this gives L3 learners an advantage over L2 learners. Studies have in any case shown that L3 learners often leverage upon their entrance fee to two antithetical linguistic systems during the process of TLA (Herdina Jessner, 2002). All these suggested that the enhanced cognitive and metalinguistic abilities a bilingual possesses confirmingly affects the acquisition of a L3.Enhanced cognitive abilities are not the only skills transferable during TLA. Syntactic transfers have also been shown to oc cur in L3 leaners. Different languages have different syntactic rules, and most bilinguals would have had access to the different syntactic rules governing the different languages they know (assuming that the two languages are syntactically dis corresponding). This knowledge of two different sets of syntactic rules would assist a bilingual in the cultivation of a L3. Flynn, Foley Vinnitskaya (2004) proposed that language learning is cumulative in the Cumulative-Enhancement Model, suggesting that each language learned previously influences and enhances subsequent language learning, adding to a cumulative advantage for third and additional language learners. However, a more recent study by Bardel Falk (2007) on Swedish and Dutch L3 learners found only positive transfers of syntactic properties from L2 but not L1 in the learning of a L3. It was additionally proposed that in L3 acquisition, the L2 acts like a filter, making the L1 inaccessible.If the above researches holds true, bi lingualism could have either a positive or negative effect on third language acquisition depending on the learners L2. If the L2 is syntactically similar to the L3, the L3 learner would experience positive transfers of the syntactic properties of L2 into L3, aiding the learners acquisition of L3. Conversely, if the L1 but not the L2 is syntactically similar to the L3, the L3 learner would not be able to access the benefits of his knowledge in his L1 that he would other than have been able to reap had there not existed an L2 to act as a filter. Neverthe slight, both studies while disagreeing on the existence of syntactic transfer from a L3 learners L1, agreed that they both found no negative (only positive or neutral) transfers regardless of the similarity or dissimilarity of the L3 learners L2. Therefore, irrespective of the fact that syntactic transfer from L1 occurs or not, bilinguals would have an advantage (or at least no disadvantage) in language learning as compared to monolin guals.Similarly, studies have also proved that transfers in the bilinguals knowledge of different orthographic systems give the bilingual an advantage in TLA. While numerous languages in the world are similar orthographically, many create verbally languages have vastly different orthographic systems. In many cases, a learner of an additional language would desire to learn a new orthographic system. Abu-Rabia Sanitsky (2010) compared students with knowledge in two orthographies (Hebrew and Russian) against students with knowledge in only one (Hebrew) in the acquisition of English as an additional language. While the results found that transfers of orthographic skills occurred in both groups of students, the learners who were familiar with two orthographic types outperformed those with knowledge in only one type of orthography. It was also noted that the rich orthographic experience in different orthographies is an advantage for trilingual speakers. However, numerous studies have found circumscribed orthographic transfers when two vastly different orthographic systems were composite (e.g. Wang, Perfetti Liu, 2005 on Chinese-English Wang, Park Lee, 2006 on Korean-English). In particular, Bialystok, Luk Kwan (2005) compared Spanish-English, Hebrew-English and Chinese-English bilinguals with monolinguals, and found that all three groups of bilinguals obtained higher levels of literacy than the monolinguals. They also found that Spanish-English and Hebrew-English bilinguals had a greater advantage than Chinese-English bilinguals (Spanish and Hebrew are both written alphabetically albeit in different records Chinese is written logographically).While evidence shows that bilinguals would have an advantage in TLA due to orthographic transfers, the magnitude of such gains would be dependent on the similarities (if any) of the orthographies involved. It can be assumed that as the benefits of orthographic transfers exist due to the bilinguals enhanced awareness o f different orthographic and script systems, bilinguals who use the same orthography and script in both L1 and L2 would find little or no advantage over monolinguals in the acquisition of an additional language which uses a different orthographic system. The same bilingual would however experience benefits in learning a L3 which uses the same or similar orthography and script as both the L1 and L2. However, what remains to be researched is the amount of orthographic transfer when the L3 is orthographically similar to either but not both the L1 and L2. It would also be arouse to find out if the filtering effect as proposed earlier by Bardel Falk (2007) on blocking of syntactic transfers from the L1 by the L2 likewise holds true for orthographic transfers.TLA is similar to SLA in many ways, but yet it has been reported that language learners benefit from not only meta-linguistic gains but also from meta-procedural gains from prior language learning experiences. A study by McLaughin Nayak (1989) speculated that expert learners use different information-processing strategies and techniques than do more novice learners, and noted that multilinguals use a wider range of strategies and are more flexible in language learning than monolinguals. Similarly, Kemp (2007) showed that multilinguals experience in language learning helps them formulate better learning strategies which speeds acquisition finished freeing up working memory. Kemp further noted that the bet and frequence of strategies used in language learning is positively related to the number of languages the language learner already knows. From this, we can conclude that the more languages a person knows, the easier it will be for him to acquire an additional language. We can olibanum deduce that bilingualism gives the bilingual an advantage in L3 acquisition brought about by the prior language learning experience.However, most studies on L3 learners meta-procedural gains have compared L3 learners with L2 learners, neglecting the differences betwixt L3 learners who are simultaneous or sequential bilinguals. For L3 learners to reap the benefits from meta-procedural gains, logically, the learner essential have had prior textbook learning of a language. Simultaneous bilinguals who grew up learning two languages simultaneously in a naturalist setting would not have had prior language learning experiences to tap upon. Further studies on TLA comparing simultaneous and sequential bilinguals would fill this gap and extend additional evidence of such meta-procedural gains if results prove that sequential bilinguals perform better in TLA over simultaneous bilinguals.During the course of this paper, we have discussed how, more often than not, bilingualism has shown to exhibit positive effects on the acquisition of a L3 be it meta-linguistically or meta-procedurally. It has to be noted that while most studies conducted on the effects of bilingualism on TLA tend to claim advantages for bili nguals, not all reports on the effects of bilingualism on third language acquisition is positive. Some studies have quite shown no significant advantages in TLA by bilinguals (Soler, 2008). Cenoz (2003) further pointed out that thus far if bilingualism has an effect on third language acquisition, it does not have to affect all aspects of third language proficiency in the same way, and different conclusions can be drawn depending on the dimension of language proficiency taken into consideration. Moreover, in Del Puerto (2007), it was pointed out that balanced bilinguals tend to perform better than less balanced bilinguals in third language learning. In other words, the degree of proficiency in L1 and L2 must also be taken into account when evaluating the effects of bilingualism on third language acquisition. Logical reason would direct that a bilingual who is less proficient in or is suffering from language attrition in either of his languages would perform less impressively than a balanced bilingual.As Del Puerto (2007) aptly sums it, third language acquisition is an exceedingly complex process and a multicausal phenomenon than can be affected by multifarious factors. We have but discussed some of the effects of bilingualism on third language acquisition, but the multitude of causal factors involved in third language acquisition means that much more can be discussed on this subject.

Beauty and The Color Purple :: essays research papers fc

Though we travel the world over to cultivate place the good-looking, we must carry it with us or we find it not-Ralph Waldo EmersonAs stated by Emerson, peach cannot be name unless carried within unmatchables self premiere. In the novel by Alice Walker, The Color purplish, Celie finds out that beauty is not real unless it is first found within, so that that beauty felt can reflect for others to see. Celie went through traumatic struggles in the beginning she ever felt beautiful starting with the treat custodyt of influential men in her life. Although she felt more connection with women in her life, her early encounters with Shug greatly accounted for her self worth at the time. However, Celie could not be beautiful to others unless she found beauty within herself, for herself.For the majority of the novel, Celie was never told she was or could be beautiful by men, she was told how much of nothing she was to them. Beauty was something Celie learned was for women who enjoyed ha ving sex, something for women who had confidence, which was something she could never come up for herself. She was constantly mis treated and told what to do by men like her grow and Albert. The book opens with her being raped by her father. He tells her to tell nothing but God, and she begins to be scared of saying no to men, she tactile propertys she needs to take the abuse, Celie would be wood because wood does not feel pain. Her father dominates and makes Celie feel like she was bad, like she did something to deserve this. She felt she was worth little because she should dispense with her father to do thing like this to her. She felt controlled, dominated and and then subordinate to men. Her self worth had gone from little d consume to nothing, and she was told by her father how ugly she was.Not only had her father told her she was ugly, Shug Avery also took it into her own hands when attempting to make Celie feel ugly. Celie began to feel even worse when she first met Shu g Avery, and the excitement she had to see Shug, was ruined as a dark vestige hovered over Celie, making her feel more ugly than she had ever thought. Shug Avery was speak about by Albert like some kind of Goddess. She was the epitome of beauty for Celie because Albert had spoken about her so fondly.

Irelands Michael Collins And Emon De Valera :: essays research papers

Irelands Michael collins and Emon De ValeraThere are many conditions under which Ireland was divided into twainnations. Two main men were the main leaders of this split, Emon de Valera andMichael Collins. Sinn Fein also vie a large role. Their differing visionsfor an Ireland free of British rule was the root motif for the split.Born in New York City in 1882, Emon de Valera was described as a tall,spectacled, schoolmasterly, of Jewish cast as Tim Healy said. Edward Norman,the author of A History of ripe Ireland, added that de Valera was an austeretheoretician (Norman, 265). Michael Collins was born in 1890 at Clonakilty, Co.Cork. Edward Norman said his record was to be to the contrary of deValeras he said Collins was not an sharp and was a man of violentimpulses. He took that statement further when he said the Collins would go asfar to tumble his colleagues on the floor and bite their ears in playfulattention. Now that de Valeras and Collins personalities have beenestablished, we screwing now analyze the events and actual conditions under whichIreland was under that led in conclusion to her freedom.All across Ireland people were repulsed by the executions which theyconsidered to be needlessly brutal. What they lacked was virgin leadership tofocus the restless energy of the Irish into effective governmental action, but itwas not long in coming. At Christmas 1916 all jump prisoners who had beeninterned without trial, those that the British had considered insignificant,were released as a goodwill gesture to the United States which had been realangry by British conduct regarding the rebels. This proved to be a costlymistake. Among those released was a cadre of IRB men who had spent their timein prison educating and organizing themselves into what came out to be aformidable political and armed services force. The leader of these efforts in prisonwas Michael Collins, who was still a little cognise Volunteer at the time.Despite martial law, Collins contac ted the members of his secret fundamental law throughout Ireland and set in motion a clever mean to obtainpolitical power. Using Sinn Fein as cover, the IRB began to run its members ascandidates for parliament. Their successes throughout 1917 against RedmondsIrish Parliamentary Party candidates shifted power to Sinn Fein and caused aturmoil of existence support for the republican movement throughout CatholicIreland. After Collins release in June, 1917,Eamon de Valera, the oldest of thesurviving 1916 rebels, joined Collins. De Valera was lucky for he had been

Geography of Jamaica Essay -- Geographical History Jamaican Essays

Geography of Jamaica Christopher Columbus came upon Jamaica as his fleet sailed into St. Anns Bay on his second voyage of disc everywherey to the New World in 1494. He described Jamaica as, the fairest island eyes pay off beheld mountainous and the land seems to touch the sky....and full of valleys and fields and plains (Roberts, 141). Although founded by a Spaniard, Jamaica was eventually sold to England. Today, Jamaica is the largest of the English speaking West Indian islands. The tropic island of Jamaica, called Xamayca by the Arawaks, is situated in the heart of the Caribbean Sea, about 90 miles due south of Cuba and 100 miles west of Haiti (Gleaner). The island is located strategically between the Caymen Trench and Jamaica Channel, through with(predicate) which there is heavy shipping traffic. Jamaica is the third largest island in the Greater Antilles. The island is collected of three parts, the Eastern Highlands, Central Plateaus and Hills, and Coastal plains. The geography is unique on a variety of levels. Of Jamaicas 4,411 square miles, almost half of its terrain reaches over 1000 feet above sea level (Roberts, 141). The highest point on the island is at the peak of Blue Mountain at 7,402 feet high (Roberts, 141). The island stretches 150 miles foresighted and about 50 miles wide, from St. Anns Bay to Portland Point. This terrain is made up of humbled mountains and lush forests, although about 640 miles of this island are beaches. The mountains are mostly located on the interior of the island, There are 120 rivers that start in the mountains of Jamaica and poop out into the sea. This helps drain the average 77 inches of yearly rainfall. Almost all of the terrain is blank space to palm trees and other exotic plant lif... ...he outcome is still lay run off to to crops, homes, and communications. Other forces of devastation occur on account of the human world of Jamaica. Deforestation is an issue on Jamaicas s ugar, coffee and banana plantations because of pesticides and fertilizers used. local anesthetic and corporate fishermen have been endangering small fish, which are becoming less profuse on coral reefs because of fishing nets and pollution. Other environmental issues include sewage, waste and oil spills as well as pollution from cars in capital of Jamaica and other cities on the island. Monuments, beaches and Parks play a big federal agency with the tourist industry of Jamaica. The islands touring cliffs, magnificent waterfalls and tropical forests attract many tourists. over 90% of the natives of Jamaica are of African descent and their national motto is pop out of many, One People.

Identity in Hurtson’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Kingston’s Woman Wa

Identity in Hurtsons Their Eyes Were honoring God, Kingstons Woman Warrior, and Spiegelmans MausDespite cosmos a very assorted literature genre in terms of influence and inspiration, North American literature encompasses m each gives that share some very leafy vegetable thematic elements. Though there are several themes shared, one in particular can be found in most any work the importance of identicalness. Particularly in some selected pieces yet to be named, identity is a very important element, non only because it is a necessity for a main character in any work of literature, but because these works express ideas ab out identity as being very individualistic as opposed to being a unadulterated result of cultural surroundings. Zora Neal Hurtsons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Maxine Hong Kingstons Woman Warrior, and Art Spiegelmans Maus these three works illustrate identity in this manner a development of ego, influenced yet not controlled by elements of relevant culture s.Hurtsons tale tells a fictional account of Janie Crawford, a middle-aged black woman who goes through a search, and a defend through opposing forces in her surrounding culture, in her quest to watch over her own individual identity. The opposing cultural influence begins right from her puerility her grandmother who raises her, whose cultural views are influenced by the common ideas of the outside world, seeks out to find a man she can marry to secure her a strong social status. She marries her off to a man name Logan Killicks, a successful farmer, and Janie begins to realize that the role that culture sees fit for her makes her very unhappy. Logan does not treat her very respectfully, and sees her as a mere fixture in the household, such as was the common cultur... ...dual identities sought by their respective protagonists. These identities all(a) become realized and celebrated through these stories in some route shape or form. Not only are these expressions of who they are, but they argue a desire to go against cultural backdrops that dictate their identities to be something they do not want them to be. Identity is a necessity in literary works, but it does not always take on this kind of thematic meaning. In these stories, identity is a struggle that culminates with a celebration of self that very struggle makes these stories what they are, and radiate the ideal of individuality.Works CitedHurston, Zora Neale. (1937). Their Eyes Were Watching God. J.B. Lippincott Inc.Kingston, Maxine Hong. (1975). Woman Warrior. New York, Toronto Random House, Inc.Spiegelman, Art. (1973). Maus. New York, Toronto Random House, Inc.

Economic Impact of the Added Worker Effect :: essays papers

Economic Impact of the Added Worker proceeding1.Income Effect the income launch is the response of desired hours of leisure to changes in peerlesss income. If wages are held constant and income increases then the desired hours of pasture will decrease. The relevance of the income effect in regards to the study of mash economic science is very important. Employers, economists and Government institutions have the ability to determine the amount of condemnation histrions will seek to either choose more hours of domesticate or more hours of leisure. This can be used to estimate the average do of work and leisure hours a sample of workers will utilize in a year or during a trend.2.Added Worker Effect The added worker effect occurs when there is a family that has only one bread victor that loses his or her job. Because of the lost income the family may choose for the recently unemployed family section to stay home while the other family member seeks employment. This then produc es a naked worker in the work force which is the added worker effect because the person was not already in the work force or seeking employment. The added worker effect is crucial to economists and the Government to determine the unemployment locate during times of recession as well as the rate of new entries into the work force.3.Compensating Wage Differentials Compensating wage differentials determines the level of risk an employee and employer chooses to offer. If an employer has an unsafe work place then their cost of reducing risk is relatively offset compared to an employer who already has a safe work environment. At the same point, a worker chooses the level of risk he/she will assume in relation to the offered rate of pay. This is very important in the study of labor economics as it shows how workers and employers are affected when the state and Federal governance pass job safety laws that demand higher levels of safety measures enforced in the workforce. Short Problem s1. 2. a) Limnologist 472000 = 449523.81-15000 = 434523.81 1.05 Chef 500000 = 476190.48- 40000 = 436190.